Først kunne landbruget sikre befolkningens fødevareforsyning, men det var ikke nok til at skabe civilisation. Over tid udviklede samfund sig fra små landsbyer til større byer og stater, drevet af teknologi og organiseret arbejdsdeling. Dette førte til øgede konflikter, større samfund og dannelsen af byer og stater som nødvendige institutioner i civilisationens opståen.
Titel på undersøgelse:
The Origins of Civilization: From Villages to Cities.
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Hele abstrakt på originalsprog:
TimeMaps’ “Origins of Civilization” encyclopedia entry traces the Neolithic shift from foraging to farming, beginning around 10,000 BCE in the Fertile Crescent, where hunter-gatherers domesticated crops like wheat and animals like goats. Sparked by a warming climate and resource strain, this revolution birthed permanent settlements—Jericho by 9000 BCE—spreading to Mesopotamia, Egypt, and beyond by 6000 BCE. Polished tools, irrigation, and pottery emerged, fueling food surpluses that swelled populations and stratified societies, as seen in early cities like Çatalhöyük. Religion deepened with shrines, and trade linked communities, though diets narrowed, impacting health. This uneven transition, varying by region, laid civilization’s roots—independent in some areas, borrowed in others—culminating in urban hubs like Uruk by 3500 BCE. A slow, transformative grind, it forged humanity’s path from wandering bands to structured societies, a foundation still echoing today.